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An alternative proposal to the Yale endowment model

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ETF Securities Asset Allocation Research An alternative proposal to the Yale endowment model Over the past 60 years, portfolio management has significantly

ETF Securities Asset Allocation Research An alternative proposal to the Yale endowment model

Summary

Over the past 60 years, portfolio management has significantly gained in complexity and sophistication with active funds such as the Yale endowment fund not always outperforming a passive index tracking strategy.

Nowadays, it is possible to construct an equivalent strategy to the Yale model that is more transparent, more liquid, passively managed and cheaper to implement.

Adding precious metals to this alternative model improves return by 19% and enhances the Sharpe ratio by 46%.

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Early stage of portfolio construction

Since 1950, portfolio construction has been through 3 distinct phases1 and is in what looks like its fourth phase since the global financial crisis in 2008.

1 Increasing Institutional Portfolio Complexity and the Resulting Shift from a Product to a Solutions Mindset – Citi Business Advisory Services

ETFS1

The first phase ran from the early 1950’s to mid-1990. Rather than holding 100% in equities or bonds, investors searched for an optimal mix to diversify their portfolio risk. Based on the Modern Portfolio Theory, the generally accepted rule of thumb for optimal weights were 60% equities and 40% bonds.
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Over the past 10 years, the 60/40 model has provided a Sharpe ratio of 0.435, more than twice higher than the Sharpe ratio of a global equity index thanks to the lower volatility of the 60/40 benchmark of 9.7% compared to 16.9% for the MSCI World.

In 2000, the Yale University Investments Office promoted the idea that investors should diversify in asset classes other than equities and bonds. Alternative assets such as private equity or hedge funds have higher return potential and diversification power as they are less liquid, therefore less volatile and less subject to strong correction. The outperformance of the Yale fund made the model popular among institutional investors.

Active versus passive portfolio management

The Yale endowment fund was created to provide support to the operating budget of the university scholars. Actively managed, the fund has progressively increased its exposure to alternative assets from 15% in 1950 to more than 75% today. As of June 2014, the fund was holding 15.4% in equities, 8.4% in bonds and cash and 76.2% in alternative assets: private equity (33%), hedge funds (17.4%) and real assets (25.8%).

ETFS2

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Over the past 10 years to June 2015, the fund returned 10% per year compared to 7% for the 60/40 benchmark. It is worth noting that the fund did worse than the benchmark during the financial crisis in the year to June 2009. The fund target weights for 2016 are more or less the same as in 2014: 18.5% in equities, 8.5% in bonds and cash and 73% in alternative assets.

Low risk investors such as pension funds may however see the Yale model as too aggressive, refrained by the cost to replicate such an illiquid portfolio. Compared to endowment funds, pension funds have a larger investment pool and a shorter investment horizon to generate income for their clients.

Alternatives to the Yale endowment model

ETFS3

Because the Yale endowment fund is actively managed and invested in funds that are not listed on exchanges, the model is not replicable. Based on the same concept, we constructed an alternative portfolio with 20% equities, 5% bonds and 75% in alternative liquid assets. The 75% is equally allocated to private equity, hedge funds and real estate.
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Since March 2005, the alternative portfolio returned 8% per year on average, 39% above the 60/40 benchmark over the same period. It is interesting to note that adding a basket of precious metals into the alternative portfolio increases the portfolio return by 19% to 9.5%. The addition of the precious metals basket also enhances the alternative portfolio risk/return profile as the Sharpe ratio of the portfolio increases to 0.524 from 0.359 without precious metals.

ETFS4

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Low risk investors may find a core/satellite portfolio more appealing. We illustrate that a core/satellite strategy which holds 70% in core assets such as the 60/40 benchmark and 30% in alternative assets as a satellite provides an annual return of 7.4% comparable to the alternative portfolio which provides a return of 8%. The volatility of the core/satellite strategy is however much lower than the volatility of both alternative portfolios, enhancing the portfolio Sharpe ratio to 0.525. The 30% in the satellite are equally allocated to private equity, hedge funds, real estate and a basket of precious metals.

The new generation of portfolio models

The global financial crisis in 2008 drastically changed investor behaviour and portfolio management. Prior to the crisis, while investors were increasing their portfolio diversification toward alternative assets, they also concentrated their risk exposure toward equity risk essentially and saw their returns plummet as the financial market collapsed. The Yale endowment fund fell 24.6% in the year to June 2009 while the alternative portfolio fell 19.8% (with precious metals) and the 60/40 benchmark was down 12%. The real added-value of active diversification across asset classes is therefore questioned.

New types of portfolio management have emerged since and among them is the concept of diversification across risk factors, known as smart beta. Instead of using a classification by asset class, securities are classified by risk exposure. Two securities can then provide diversification despite being part of the same asset class as long as they are not exposed to the same risk.

Our proprietary contrarian model2 discussed in our previous note is a long only portfolio of commodities that takes a smart approach to traditional allocation strategies with commodities. The smart beta commodity portfolio has returned twice the annual return of the Yale fund over the past ten years to June 2015 while the alternative portfolio with precious metals has outperformed the fund by 11% over the same period.

2 How to make the best of commodities: the contrarian model – ETF Securities (02 February 2016)

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In this note, we have shown that it is possible to construct an alternative portfolio that outperforms the Yale endowment fund when adding a basket of precious metals. As opposed to the Yale endowment fund, the alternative portfolio with precious metals is passively managed, more liquid and more transparent. Adding precious metals to the alternative portfolio improves the portfolio return and enhances its Sharpe ratio. Over the past sixty years, portfolio management has significantly gained in complexity and sophistication. Managers need to find innovative and cost efficient solutions that truly diversify investors’ portfolio risk. Portfolio allocation shifts from being asset class based to risk factor based and from active to passive management. The real added-value of active funds over passive funds continues to be debated.

Portfolio performance

This table shows how the different portfolios studied in the current and previous asset allocation notes have recently performed. In each section, the assets or portfolios are benchmarked against the portfolio in bold.

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Important Information

General

This communication has been issued and approved for the purpose of section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 by ETF Securities (UK) Limited (“ETFS UK”) which is authorised and regulated by the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”).

The information contained in this communication is for your general information only and is neither an offer for sale nor a solicitation of an offer to buy securities. This communication should not be used as the basis for any investment decision. Historical performance is not an indication of future performance and any investments may go down in value.

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Invesco: Gold signals a shifting world order without a new leader

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The United States remains economically and financially dominant, but beneath the surface doubts are growing about how sustainable that position really is. According to Benjamin Jones, head of research at Invesco, the continued rise in gold suggests that investors are preparing for a world in which the balance of power is shifting, without any clear alternative leader emerging.

The United States remains economically and financially dominant, but beneath the surface doubts are growing about how sustainable that position really is. According to Benjamin Jones, head of research at Invesco, the continued rise in gold suggests that investors are preparing for a world in which the balance of power is shifting, without any clear alternative leader emerging.

The US twin deficits

The joint, pre-2025 rally in US risk assets and the dollar sits uneasily with concerns over US fiscal and current-account deficits, a deteriorating Net International Investment Position (NIIP), reindustrialisation goals, and the secular rise in gold, explains Jones.

“In our view, the long-running rally in gold alongside high returns and rising concentration in dollar assets reflects two forces: a faltering world order and the economics of heavy US fiscal imbalances, rising external obligations, and persistent deficits; but also, the unique success of US firms in driving GDP growth, earnings and innovation. Ironically, that strength may itself increase the risk of a financial, currency or balance-of-payments shock in a geopolitical crisis.”

According to Jones, the sharp drop in the US NIIP has come as foreign claims outstrip US claims abroad. “This was driven less by foreign Treasury holdings, which have stabilised, and more by inflows into private-sector assets, especially equities, as investors embraced “US Exceptionalism” as shorthand for superior growth and financial performance relative to peers such as Western Europe and Japan. The result has been major inflows into US equities, corporate debt and private markets.”

Even though much of the increase in exposure has been to risk assets rather than bonds, large outflows could still threaten fiscal and financial stability, says Jones. “For now, trade barriers and efforts to weaken the dollar to promote reindustrialisation have prompted rebalancing away from US stocks, bonds and the dollar. Amid geopolitical tensions, weaker fiscal and external positions, and renewed protectionism and unpredictability, official investors and private investors have sharply increased gold purchases as a store of value.”

Heavy gold flow in financial markets

US financial leadership persists despite geoeconomic rebalancing toward rivals, Jones continues. “The US still leads in market capitalisation, turnover and liquidity, while the Treasury market remains the largest and deepest pool of debt issuance. Dollar liquidity is so high that trades <<between other currencies are often executed through the dollar. Global portfolio concentration in the US has also been reinforced by inflows into benchmarked funds and passive trackers. The core driver remains US exceptionalism. Rich valuations and concentration in US tech may suggest a bubble, yet US firms have continued to deliver innovation, market share, revenue and earnings growth.”

According to Jones, rivals remain less compelling from a market perspective. “Europe has lagged the US since the financial crisis, while China has matched or surpassed US innovation but, until recently, delivered weaker market returns due to domestic de-risking policies.”

The US share of official reserves has declined somewhat, while the euro and most other currencies have levelled off, Jones continues. “Gold’s share has risen sharply since the start of the war in Ukraine in 2022, suggesting the TINA problem persists: there is no real alternative to the dollar other than gold itself. Central banks increasingly prefer the safety of gold, the liability of no government.”

Future: Geopolitical, economic, technological and military competition
An open world economy helped many countries narrow productivity gaps with the US, but leadership is no longer aligned across power domains. “Economically, the world is increasingly tripolar, centred on the US, China and the eurozone. Militarily, power is concentrated in the US, China and Russia. Technologically, the US and China are at or near parity, while others lag. Financially, however, the US still has no peer,” notes Jones.

He continues: “Conventional economic, military and technological competition therefore still matters, even in a nuclear world. US concerns about overextension are sharpened by China’s vast industrial capacity, with output and shipbuilding far exceeding that of the US. Recent wars have shown that modern conflict still depends on industrial mobilisation for technology, drones and ammunition. This helps explain the US push for reindustrialisation.”

At the same time, US fiscal and external obligations create vulnerabilities if confidence were shaken by a future crisis, conflict or major shock. Jones concludes: “Washington is also retreating from parts of the multilateral order while seeking to reshape global trade more in its favour, reinforcing perceptions of unilateralism. Gold may be signaling an incomplete global reordering: not a clear new polarity, but an “unipolar” world in which leadership shifts by issue, region and moment. The US and the dollar would still likely remain first among equals, supported by deep financial markets, technological dynamism and strategic advantages, even as rival powers continue to rise.”

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ASLT ETF företagsobligatoner med kort duration

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AXA IM Short Duration Income UCITS ETF USD Dist (ASLT ETF) med ISIN IE000P0AMD16, är en aktivt förvaltad börshandlad fond.

AXA IM Short Duration Income UCITS ETF USD Dist (ASLT ETF) med ISIN IE000P0AMD16, är en aktivt förvaltad börshandlad fond.

ETFen investerar i företagsobligationer från hela världen. Rating: Investment grade. Löptid: 1–3 år.

Den börshandlade fondens totala kostnadskvot (TER) uppgår till 0,19 % per år. Ränteintäkterna (kuponger) i ETFen delas ut till investerarna (månadsvis).

AXA IM Short Duration Income UCITS ETF USD Dist är en mycket liten ETF med 0 miljoner euro förvaltade tillgångar. Denna ETF lanserades den 9 juli 2025 och har sitt säte i Irland.

Handla ASLT ETF

AXA IM Short Duration Income UCITS ETF USD Dist (ASLT ETF) är en europeisk börshandlad fond. Denna fond handlas på flera olika börser, till exempel Deutsche Boerse Xetra och Borsa Italiana.

Det betyder att det går att handla andelar i denna ETF genom de flesta svenska banker och Internetmäklare, till exempel  Nordnet, SAVR, DEGIRO och Avanza.

Börsnoteringar

BörsValutaKortnamn
Borsa ItalianaEURASLU
XETRAUSDASLU
XETRAEURASLT

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Anslut dig till kvantrevolutionen med Lunates nya ETF på Xetra

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Kvantdatorteknik transformerar alla sorters industrier från hälso- och sjukvård till cybersäkerhet, och Boreas kliver fram som en nyckelspelare. Lunate Capitals Boreas Solactive Quantum Computing UCITS ETF på Xetra erbjuder investerare en diversifierad exponering mot ledande globala kvantteknologibolag.

Kvantdatorteknik håller snabbt på att gå från forskningslabb till verkliga tillämpningar – och investerare får nu ett nytt sätt att ta del av utvecklingen. Med lanseringen av Boreas Solactive Quantum Computing UCITS ETF (QQCC) Xetra öppnas dörren till ett av de mest transformativa teknikområdena i modern tid.

En ny era inom datorkraft

Till skillnad från traditionella datorer, som bearbetar information steg för steg, kan kvantdatorer analysera många möjliga lösningar samtidigt. Resultatet är en exponentiell ökning i beräkningskraft – med potential att lösa problem som idag är praktiskt taget omöjliga.

Enligt uppskattningar kan kvantteknologi skapa upp till 2 biljoner (eng: trillions) dollar i ekonomiskt värde fram till 2035.

Tekniken väntas få särskilt stor påverkan inom områden som:

Läkemedelsutveckling – snabbare simulering av proteinveckning och sjukdomar

Materialvetenskap – utveckling av starkare och lättare material

Finans – förbättrad riskhantering och portföljoptimering

Stark tillväxt och ökade investeringar

Kvantindustrin befinner sig i ett tydligt tillväxtskede. Under 2024 investerades omkring 2 miljarder dollar i kvantstartups globalt, samtidigt som statliga satsningar överstiger 50 miljarder dollar totalt. Både USA och Kina har uttryckt kvantmekanik som särskilt viktigt och prioriterat område och stora satsningar har tillkännagivits under 2025 och 2026.

Samtidigt växer marknaden snabbt, med ökande patentaktivitet och stora samarbeten mellan teknikbolag och investerare. Regionen Mellanöstern, särskilt UAE och Saudiarabien, positionerar sig också som en viktig hub för kvantutveckling.

ETF ger bred exponering mot kvanttemat

Den nya ETF:en, Boreas Solactive Quantum Computing UCITS ETF (QQCC), är utformad för att ge investerare diversifierad exponering mot cirka 25 ledande bolag inom kvantteknologi.

Indexet omfattar hela värdekedjan, inklusive:

• Hårdvara för kvantdatorer

• Mjukvara och algoritmer

• Kvantkommunikation och cybersäkerhet

Portföljen kombinerar globala teknikledare med mycket forskning och utveckling inom kvantum såsom IBM och Google, med mer nischade, snabbväxande bolag som IonQ, Rigetti och D-Wave.

Skillnader mot andra liknande ETFer

I enlighet med Boreas devis om att vara ”true to theme” i sin ETF-design fokuserar fonden på att enbart inkludera de bolag som är absolut mest relevanta mot utvecklingen av framförallt Quantum Computing hårdvara så som mikrochip (QPU’s). Portföljen är framtagen med hjälp av Solactives natural language processing verktyg ARTIS och vikterna i portföljen är enligt varje bolags relevans mot temat.

Fonden rebalanseras två gånger om året vilket möjliggör att snabbt snappa upp nykomlingar och bolag som snabbt gör framsteg inom temat. Med hjälp av ARTIS-verktyget kan på så sätt relevanta bolag snabbt få ökad vikt och mindre framgångsrika bolag få mindre.

Andra liknande fonder fokuserar ofta på bolag med mest patent inom kvantum. Detta kan leda till att bolag som främst använder kvantum hamnar i de portföljerna, medans Boreas fond fokuserar på de bolag som leder utvecklingen inom kvantumteknologin. Många av bolagen konkurrerar om att bli ”nästa NVIDIA” och leda en ny generations mikrochip.

Med en total kostnad (TER) på 0,49 % erbjuder fonden ett konkurrenskraftigt sätt att få exponering mot ett komplext och snabbt utvecklande tema.

Ett tema för långsiktiga investerare

Kvantteknologi ses i allt större utsträckning som en strategisk nyckelindustri, inte minst i takt med diskussionen om “Q-Day” – den punkt då kvantdatorer kan bryta dagens krypteringssystem.

För investerare innebär detta både risker och möjligheter. Som tematisk investering är ETFen särskilt lämpad som ett komplement – en så kallad satellitallokering – till bredare aktieportföljer. Trots att forskningen inom kvantdatorer har pågått i över 45 år är det en teknologi i tidigt skede där en klar vinnare ännu inte korats. Det gör temat volatilt och extra känsligt för positiva såväl som negativa nyheter.

Slutsats

Med lanseringen på Xetra blir kvantinvesteringar nu mer tillgängliga för europeiska investerare. För den som vill positionera sig inför nästa stora teknologiska skifte erbjuder Boreas kvant-ETF en enkel väg in i ett område som kan definiera framtidens ekonomi.

Namn: Boreas Solactive Quantum Computing UCITS ETF USD (Acc)

Ticker: QQCC

Handelsplats: Xetra

Handla QQCC ETF

Boreas Solactive Quantum Computing UCITS ETF USD (Acc) (QQCC ETF) är en europeisk börshandlad fond. Denna fond handlas på flera olika börser, till exempel Deutsche Boerse Xetra.

Det betyder att det går att handla andelar i denna ETF genom de flesta svenska banker och Internetmäklare, till exempel  Nordnet, SAVR, DEGIRO och Avanza.

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