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Coking Coal Rally Driven by Supply Constraints

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Metallurgic coal is also called “coking” coal because it is used to create coke, an irreplaceable input for steel production. Coking Coal Rally Driven by

Overview: VanEck’s natural resources investment strategy spans the breadth of raw materials commodities sectors, and the coal and consumable fuels sub-sector can play an important role. Not least, the global steel industry is dependent on coal. Metallurgical coal is essential to the steel making process with approximately 70% of the steel produced today using coal as a primary raw material. Metallurgic coal is also called “coking” coal because it is used to create coke, an irreplaceable input for steel production. Coking Coal Rally Driven by Supply Constraints

By the end of September, metallurgical coal prices had climbed more than 100% since the beginning of the year.1 The overwhelming driver behind this price recovery has been restriction in supply. In addition to both lower seaborne and domestic supply, inventories are also at multi-year lows. Although our view is that current prices are not likely to hold, we do foresee a continuation of a market environment that will be supportive of higher prices.

What is Metallurgical Coal?

Global steel production depends on coal. Metallurgical coal, or coking coal, is used in the process of making steel, and hence is often referred to as “steel making coal”. Coking coal is heated to about 2,700° F (1,100° C) in a coke oven, forcing out impurities to produce coke. Coke itself is almost pure carbon. Because of its high thermal energy and dearth of impurities, coke is used to convert iron ore into molten iron. This is then used to make a range of steel types.

Global Demand is Solid

Over the past three years, global demand for coking coal has been relatively solid at an annual level of around 990 million tonnes (Mt). China is one of the most important consumers in terms of setting prices, since it accounts for approximately 60%, or 590Mt, of global coking coal demand. It is followed by Japan at 69Mt, India at 49Mt, and South Korea at 40Mt. Demand from the U.S. is for about 21Mt per annum.

China has invested heavily in its steel industry and currently accounts for approximately 55% of the world’s steel production. The net result of this is that domestic Chinese coking coal supply has had to be supplemented by imported, or seaborne coal (Chart A). “Seaborne” refers to coal that is transported internationally overseas by ship, and refers mostly to the coking coal export market.

Chart A: Chinese Seaborne Coking Coal Demand and Steel Production

Yearly in Tonnes: 2000-2016

vaneck1

(click to enlarge)
Source: VanEck, Bloomberg, World Steel Association, Australian Bureau of Statistic, Statistics Canada, and Chinese General Administration of Customs, as of 9/30/16.

Coking Coal Supply: The Seaborne Market and the Domestic Market

The global coking coal market is generally considered as being split between the seaborne (or export market) and the domestically traded market.

The Seaborne Market

The size of the global seaborne coking coal market was approximately 290Mt as of 2015 (Chart B). Despite being a much smaller market than the domestically traded coal market, the seaborne market is actively traded and, therefore, regarded as the price/trend indicator for all contracts.

Australia, the U.S., and Canada are the key suppliers of coking coal to the seaborne market. Seaborne supply reached record levels in 2014 as shown in Chart B. However, supply fell 8% in 2015 as producer profitability decreased, balance sheet quality deteriorated, and capital spending contracted. In 2016, supply has collapsed even more dramatically, and on an annualized basis, 2016 seaborne supply could be as low as 185Mt, or down 37%, a level last seen in 2004.

Chart B: Global Seaborne Coking Coal Supply

Yearly in Tonnes: 2000-2016

vaneck2

(click to enlarge)
Source: VanEck, Bloomberg, Australian Bureau of Statistic, Statistics Canada, Chinese General Administration of Customs, and U.S. Census Bureau, as of 9/30/16.

The U.S. has had the largest impact on the shrinking supply to the seaborne market. Over the past three years, U.S. coking coal exports have fallen consistently, driven by subdued prices, lower margins, and/or restrictive environmental policies (Chart C). U.S. exports peaked at about 70Mt in 2012, but since then they have contracted by nearly 42% and 2016 exports are estimated at 40Mt. The export decline has been particularly pronounced over the past twelve months, a period in which 20Mt in capacity was lost.

Chart C: U.S. Coking Coal Exports

Quarterly in Tonnes: 2000-2016

vaneck3

(click to enlarge)
Source: VanEck, Bloomberg, and U.S. Energy Information Administration, as of 9/30/16.

The Domestic Market

Domestic coking coal markets have also seen a dramatic reduction in supply. In 2016, China made a fundamental shift and implemented supply-side reforms in the domestic coal industry to curb overcapacity. In short, the reforms reduced the number of statutory working days for coal miners from 330 to 276. By mid-2016, in China, year-on-year production was down 20%, and in the coking coal-rich Shanxi province it was down 25% to 30%. As a result, because of lower supply and relatively solid demand, coking coal inventories in China are currently at multi-year lows.

Our Positive Outlook for Coking Coal

Current physical market conditions remain very tight. We believe that just as low prices have resulted in reduced supply, higher prices should lead to increased supply. At current spot market prices, virtually every tonne of seaborne coking coal will be cash positive.

While we do not expect current prices to hold, we do foresee a strong and supportive market that will keep prices higher than the current contract price (around $92.50 per tonne). This outlook is supported by a number of different factors. In addition to the fact that 70% of deals are executed by coking coal end-users and not traders, some 80% of concluded transactions were in Asia. On top of this, not only are coking coal inventories at coke plants at their lowest levels on record, demand for steel is also expected to remain solid. Taken together, we believe these factors provide a solid base for firm prices going forward.

AUTHORED BY

charl-malan

Charl Malan
Senior Analyst
________________________________________
Senior Analyst for the Natural Resources Equity strategy; specializes in Base and Industrial Metals; also serves on the investment team for the Gold Equity strategy
Investment Management Team member since 2003
Prior to joining VanEck, an equity research sales analyst specializing in South African mining, natural resources, and financial sectors at JPMorgan Chase; actively involved in the merger of BHP Billiton/SAB Miller and unbundling of Iscor Steel/Kumba Resources as well as capital raisings and NYSE listing of Harmony Gold, Gold Fields, and Telkom SA
Previously an equity research analyst and junior portfolio manager at Standard Corporate and Merchant Bank, Asset Management (South Africa); developed and applied various fundamental and quantitative models within the natural resources, mining, and consumer sectors; established an equity research department and managed Standard Corporate and Merchant Bank, Asset Management (Namibia)
Media appearances include ROBTv; quoted in The Wall Street Journal, Barron’s, Forbes, CNBC, and The Financial Times, among others; also featured in mining journals such as miningmx, Mining Journal, and Resource Investor
MBA, University of Stellenbosch (South Africa); Honours in Business Administration, University of Stellenbosch (South Africa); BA, Arts, University of Pretoria (South Africa)

IMPORTANT DISCLOSURE

1 Source: Bloomberg. Data as of 9/30/16 is based on the TSIPPCAE Index: Premium Hard Coking Coal Australia Export (FOB East Coast port) USD/tonne. This price index is compiled by The Steel Index Ltd (TSI), and it represents the volume-weighted average of actual transaction price data submitted confidentially online to TSI by companies operating within the relevant supply chain, including buyers and sellers, based on their latest sales and/or purchases within this product category. An index’s performance is not illustrative of a Fund or strategy’s performance. Indices are not securities in which investments can be made.

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Thinking of buying your first Bitcoin? Read these 5 tips first

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New to Bitcoin and feeling unsure? You’re not alone. Getting started can feel intimidating, but a few simple tips can help you invest with more confidence and make smarter choices from the start.

New to Bitcoin and feeling unsure? You’re not alone. Getting started can feel intimidating, but a few simple tips can help you invest with more confidence and make smarter choices from the start.

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Research Newsletter

Each week the 21Shares Research team will publish our data-driven insights into the crypto asset world through this newsletter. Please direct any comments, questions, and words of feedback to research@21shares.com

Disclaimer

The information provided does not constitute a prospectus or other offering material and does not contain or constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of any offer to buy securities in any jurisdiction. Some of the information published herein may contain forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties and that actual results may differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors. The information contained herein may not be considered as economic, legal, tax or other advice and users are cautioned to base investment decisions or other decisions solely on the content hereof.

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REX Shares lanserar tre nya covered call ETFer i Europa

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REX Shares har inlett ett samarbete med HANetf för att lansera tre nya covered call ETFer i Europa.
  • REX Shares har inlett ett samarbete med HANetf för att lansera tre nya covered call ETFer i Europa.
  • De tre ETFerna är REX Tech Innovation Income & Growth UCITS ETF (ticker: FEGI), REX Tech Innovation Premium Income UCITS ETF (ticker: FEPI) och REX Crypto Equity Income & Growth UCITS ETF (ticker: CEGI).
  • Enligt en nyligen genomförd oberoende undersökning uttryckte fondväljare i hela Europa den största efterfrågan på strategier med covered call och räntebärande tillgångar inom hela spektrumet av aktiva ETFer.
  • ETFerna är noterade på London Stock Exchange, Xetra och Borsa Italiana.

HANetf, Europas första och enda oberoende white-label UCITS ETF och ETC-plattform, och ledande leverantör av digitala tillgångs-ETP:er, är glada att kunna tillkännage lanseringen av tre aktivt förvaltade covered call-ETFer från REX Shares.

REX Tech Innovation Income & Growth UCITS ETF

ISIN: IE000OBK3UE0

TER: 0,65 %

BörsBloomberg TickerRICSEDOLValuta
London Stock ExchangeFEGI LNFEGI.LBSD55C4USD
London Stock ExchangeFEPD LNFEPD.LBSD55D5GBP
XetraASWL GYASWL.DEBVBMG47EUR
Borsa ItalianaFEGI IMFEGI.MIBVBMJ15EUR

REX Tech Innovation Premium Income UCITS ETF

ISIN: IE000HF69TA9

TER: 0,65 %

BörsBloomberg TickerRICSEDOLValuta
London Stock ExchangeFEPI LNFEPI.LBSD5591USD
London Stock ExchangeFEPG LNFEPG.LBSD55B3GBP
XetraASWK GYASWK.DEBVBMG03EUR
Borsa ItalianaFEPI IMFEPI.MIBVBMG36EUR

REX Crypto Equity Income & Growth UCITS ETF

ISIN: IE0008BA4TY1

TER: 0,65 %

BörsBloomberg TickerRICSEDOLValuta
London Stock ExchangeCEGI LNCEGI.LBSD55F7USD
London Stock ExchangeCEPG LNCEPG.LBSD55G8GBP
XetraASWM GYASWM.DEBVBMG14EUR
Borsa ItalianaCEGI IMCEGI.MIBVBMG25EUR

Både FEGI och FEPI erbjuder exponering mot 20 ledande amerikansknoterade teknikaktier – inklusive FANG+-aktier – och strävar efter att generera månatliga intäkter genom covered call-strategier. FEGI skriver optioner på cirka 50 % av portföljen och balanserar intäkter och tillväxtpotential, medan FEPI använder en heltäckande strategi där man skriver calls upp till 10 % av kapitalet för att öka avkastningen utan att helt begränsa uppsidan.

Samtidigt fokuserar CEGI på 25 amerikansknoterade företag kopplade till krypto- och blockkedjeekosystemet och använder även en covered call-strategi på ~50 % i syfte att leverera attraktiva månatliga utbetalningar och fånga volatilitetsdrivna intäkter utan att väsentligt begränsa tillväxten.

De tre lanseringarna markerar REX Shares första inträde på den europeiska marknaden. Företaget förvaltar över 5 miljarder dollar i förvaltat kapital (AUM) över sina strategier i USA.

ETFer baserade på covered call och options ser betydande tillväxt i Europa och representerar nu 4,35 miljarder dollar i förvaltat kapital (AUM), efter att ha registrerat över 2,56 miljarder dollar i nettoflöden hittills i år. Enligt en nyligen genomförd oberoende undersökning uttryckte fondväljare i Europa den största efterfrågan på covered call- och räntebärande strategier inom hela spektrumet av aktiva ETFer (publicerat i HANetfs senaste Thematic & Active Review).

HANetf har nu fem covered call-produkter på sin plattform, enligt nedan:

HANetf Covered Call ProductsTicker
REX Tech Innovation Income & Growth UCITS ETFASWL
REX Tech Innovation Premium Income UCITS ETFASWK
REX Crypto Equity Income & Growth UCITS ETFASWM
YieldMax® Big Tech Option Income UCITS ETFYYYY
YieldMax® MSTR Option Income Strategy ETCM5TY

Kevin Gopaul, CIO på REX Financial, kommenterade: ”Vi är glada över att markera REX inträde på den europeiska marknaden med lanseringen av tre innovativa covered call-ETF:er. Optionsbaserade inkomststrategier har sett en explosionsartad tillväxt över hela världen, och vi har haft turen att spela en ledande roll i den rörelsen. Dessa strategier är utformade för investerare som söker avkastning samtidigt som de förblir fullt investerade i aktier, och vi är stolta över att kunna erbjuda en differentierad, aktivt förvaltad strategi för att generera intäkter från ledande amerikanska teknikledare och kryptorelaterade företag.”

Hector McNeil, medgrundare och VD för HANetf, kommenterade: ”Vi är glada över att samarbeta med REX Shares för att lansera tre nya covered call-ETFer i Europa. Tillgångsslaget har tagit fart i Europa nyligen, men vi tror att det bara har börjat. REX Shares strategi är beprövad i USA, och nu har europeiska investerare en chans att delta.

”Vi har nu 5 covered call-ETFer på HANetf-plattformen och 13 aktiva ETFer. Vi tror att båda dessa områden är redo för betydande tillväxt i Europa, och detta återspeglas i ökningen av förfrågningar vi har fått om att lansera aktiva och optionsbaserade ETFer.

”Vårt mål är alltid att bryta ner inträdesbarriärerna på den europeiska ETF-marknaden och göra det möjligt för kapitalförvaltare från hela världen att lansera sina börshandlade strategier på ett snabbt och kostnadseffektivt sätt. Vårt produktutbud blir alltmer mångsidigt i takt med att vi välkomnar fler partners till plattformen, vilket säkerställer att vi alltid är innovativa och erbjuder relevanta strategier till europeiska investerare.”

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WOEE ETF en aktiv globalfond från iShares

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iShares World Equity Enhanced Active UCITS ETF USD (Acc) (WOEE ETF) med ISIN IE000D8XC064, är en aktivt förvaltad ETF.

iShares World Equity Enhanced Active UCITS ETF USD (Acc) (WOEE ETF) med ISIN IE000D8XC064, är en aktivt förvaltad ETF.

Denna börshandlade fond investerar minst 70 procent i aktier från utvecklade marknader över hela världen. Upp till 30 procent av tillgångarna kan placeras i private equity-instrument, värdepapper med fast ränta med investment grade-rating och penningmarknadsinstrument. Värdepapper väljs utifrån hållbarhetskriterier och en kvantitativ investeringsmodell.

Den börshandlade fondens TER (total cost ratio) uppgår till 0,30 % p.a. iShares World Equity Enhanced Active UCITS ETF USD (Acc) är den enda ETF som följer iShares World Equity Enhanced Active-index. ETFen replikerar det underliggande indexets prestanda genom fullständig replikering (köper alla indexbeståndsdelar). Utdelningarna i ETFen ackumuleras och återinvesteras.

Denna ETF lanserades den 31 juli 2024 och har sin hemvist i Irland.

Investeringsmål

Fonden förvaltas aktivt och syftar till att uppnå långsiktig kapitaltillväxt på din investering, med hänvisning till MSCI World Index (”Riktmärket”) för avkastning.

Handla WOEE ETF

iShares World Equity Enhanced Active UCITS ETF USD (Acc) (WOEE ETF) är en europeisk börshandlad fond. Denna fond handlas på flera olika börser, till exempel Deutsche Boerse Xetra och London Stock Exchange.

Det betyder att det går att handla andelar i denna ETF genom de flesta svenska banker och Internetmäklare, till exempel DEGIRONordnet, Aktieinvest och Avanza.

Börsnoteringar

BörsValutaKortnamn
Euronext AmsterdamUSDWOEE
XETRAEURWOEE
London Stock ExchangeGBPWOEE

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