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The good, bad and ugly of Chinese markets
ETF Securities Equity Research – The good, bad and ugly of Chinese markets
Summary
- China’s macroeconomic indicators are signalling a positive inflection point, however the debt overhang highlights a looming risk.
- China needs to maintain the balancing act between its new consumption led economy and slowing investment driven economy to stem the pace of credit expansion.
- Chinese stock market valuations are disguised by low earnings multiples of the state owned financial sector.
- Greater transparency and clarity of communication about policy is the only way to draw international investors back to the Chinese Equity markets.
Green shoots emerging
Following a challenging start to 2016, official macroeconomic data released by China, ranging from GDP, fixed asset investment, industrial production and retail sales (led by auto and internet sales) are now suggesting that the economy may in fact be at an inflection point. A concerted government effort to restore growth in the real estate sector via cuts in mortgage rates, down payments and a surge in lending has driven a rebound in housing sales. Rising ‘floor space started’ has also provided evidence that growth in construction is catching up. Overall business activity in China expanded for a second straight month in April albeit at a slower pace than March. The rate of new orders growth was the strongest seen in three months.
(click to enlarge)
Clearly a domestic consumption driven economy is trying to fill the gap left behind by manufacturing activity. While an uptick in the majority of the macro indicators are signs of green shoots emerging, China’s persistent and rising debt load poses a serious threat to the economy.
237% and counting
Debt has been financing the extraordinary growth rates that China has sustained so far. China’s credit growth has surged to 237% of GDP today from 164% in 2008, far above emerging market counterparts and is still growing. While there are countries with higher debt levels, the reason for concern in China’s case is the recent pace of credit growth, coupled with the declining quality. The dilemma facing the Chinese government is whether the new consumption led economy can support growth if credit is cut off from the private sector. In 2016, China faces a record 3.7tn yuan (US$567bn) of local bond maturities through year-end and this comes amidst deteriorating investor sentiment following news of seven companies reneging on their obligations so far this year. Non-performing loans (NPLs) have reached a record 1.3tn Yuan and account for 1.7% of total loans, and anecdotal evidence suggests this number is higher than disclosed. While most countries have seen their NPL loan growth decline recently, China remains an exception as highlighted in the chart below.
(Click to enlarge)
Back in 1999, specially created asset management companies relieved the big four state banks by buying these NPLs with government backed 10-year bonds. China’s rapid pace of expansion in the 10 years since 1999 helped shrink the debt levels from 20% to nearly 5% of GDP. However, since the maturity of those bonds came in the midst of the financial crisis in 2009, it seemed prudent at the time to roll over their maturities (to 2019) rather than recognize the losses. The Chinese authorities have recently announced their intention to deal with these non-performing loans in the banking sector with an Equity-for-Debt Swap (EDS) and securitisations of NPLs. The EDS will enable banks to swap bad loans on their books for equity stakes in the stressed corporates. While this will certainly allow banks to reduce the need to provision for loan losses aiding better use of their capital, it is hard to assess the time it will take for the stressed corporates to recover. We believe these are not comprehensive solutions by themselves and simply delay the inevitable to a later date.
Margin trading magnified market volatility
Stratospheric margin lending up 3057% since September 2012 – fuelled the MSCI China A shares index to attain a record high 5458.9pts in June 2015.
The balance of margin financing outstanding as a percentage of market capitalisation in June 2015 reached a record 4.09%.
These high levels of leverage explain the fast run up to the peak and its subsequent decline thereafter. Rising stock prices made it easy to repay margin interest rates however when these stocks reversed their trend, investor losses exceeded their margin payments forcing them to liquidate their equity holdings and exacerbate the downward slide. In an effort to contain these risks, the securities regulator capped the size of margin trading and short selling for the first time at 4x a brokerage’s net capital. Since the start of 2016 the outstanding balance of margin transactions has declined by 35% and has had a direct repercussion on the market.
Market meddling leads to lacklustre trading
Chinese stock markets got off to a turbulent start in 2016 that forced it to suspend trading activity twice in a matter of a week after 7% declines tripped a new circuit breaker mechanism. While the initial intention was to avoid panic selling, it appeared counterproductive forcing the mechanism to be withdrawn just days after being introduced. The lack of transparency from the stock market regulator caused more harm than good resulting in a loss of investor confidence.
Equity valuations not so cheap
The MSCI China A Shares Index currently trades at 18x earnings – seemingly attractive on the surface. The reality is that financial stocks, which account for 35% of the index, tend to deflate the index valuations due to their low valuations, at 4x earnings. By stripping out the financial sector and applying the valuation gap (difference in P/E’s of MSCI China A shares index excluding financials and the MSCI China Financial Index) we obtain a more realistic valuation of 28x earnings for the MSCI China A shares index.
Conclusion
While there is rising evidence that a majority of macroeconomic indicators are benefiting from China’s accommodative monetary policy, we believe it will eventually have to contend with its rising debt load. Credit expansion has expanded at an alarming rate, this coupled with the declining quality of debt makes it imperative for China to transition from an investment to a consumption driven economy. The lack of clarity and transparency by Chinese stock market regulators has subdued investor sentiment. From a timing perspective, Chinese stock markets are not as cheap as they appear since their valuations are flattered by financial stocks. For the time being we remain cautious on Chinese equities until the emerging green shoots become more established.
Important Information
General
This communication has been issued and approved for the purpose of section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 by ETF Securities (UK) Limited (“ETFS UK”) which is authorised and regulated by the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”).
The information contained in this communication is for your general information only and is neither an offer for sale nor a solicitation of an offer to buy securities. This communication should not be used as the basis for any investment decision. Historical performance is not an indication of future performance and any investments may go down in value.
• The SEC has just approved the spot Ethereum ETFs in the US – we expect approximately 1.65 bn USD potential net inflows into US Ethereum ETFs 3 months after trading launch
• If we assumed the historical ”performance multiplier” of 6.15 to Ethereum flows to be true, then a ~15% increase in global Ethereum ETF AuM would be associated with ~92% performance
• The approval marks a significant shift in sentiment within the SEC and among US regulators in general but US investors still received inferior investment vehicles compared to European vehicles
6.5 years
The SEC has just approved spot Ethereum ETFs for trading in the US.
Although the exact date of trading launch is unknown and could take a few months, this approval marks a significant shift in sentiment within the SEC and US regulators in general.
The Grayscale Ethereum Trust (ETHE) was launched on 14 December 2017. It was the first investment vehicle that allowed professional investors to gain exposure to the second largest cryptoasset – Ethereum.
Nearly 6.5 years later, US investors finally have a more efficient investment vehicle to participate in Ethereum’s performance.
US ETF issuers made last-minute adjustments to their 19b-4 filings to meet the final deadline for the SEC’s decision on VanEck’s spot Ethereum ETF application, which was due on 23 May.
Bloomberg ETF analysts had previously commented that approval could come as early as Wednesday this week, beating consensus expectations for a later approval date. Other applicants included the same companies that applied for a spot bitcoin ETF previously, such as iShares and Fidelity.
The sudden increase in approval odds caught many by surprise, as Bloomberg ETF analysts unexpectedly raised their approval odds from 25% to 75% after the SEC asked exchanges to expedite their 19b-4 filings. Meanwhile, the odds of approval by the end of May on popular betting sites also jumped to over 50%, up from 10% just a few days earlier.
This unexpected rise in approval odds also surprised Ethereum futures short sellers, causing short liquidations in Ethereum futures contracts to surge to their highest level since March.
This caused the price of Ethereum to jump more than 10% in a matter of hours,
reversing much of its underperformance against bitcoin this year.
So, the market had already started to anticipate a potential approval.
But what’s next?
How many fund flows should we expect?
Many market observers have tried to guide down expectations for an Ethereum ETF trading launch.
The reason is that the Ethereum spot ETF approval is coming after a bonanza in fund flows into US spot Bitcoin ETFs which is why Bloomberg ETF analysts expect only around 10%-15% of Bitcoin ETF flows to flow into Ethereum ETFs.
At the time of writing, US spot Bitcoin ETFs have already seen cumulative net fund inflows in the amount of +13.2 bn USD since trading launch on the 11th of January 2024.
12.5% of that amount would imply approximately 1.65 bn USD potential net inflows into US Ethereum ETFs.
This amount would currently be equivalent to ~15% of current global Ethereum ETP assets-under-management (AuM) or around 0.7% of Ethereum’s realized cap, i.e. the amount invested on-chain.
What could be the price effect of this approval?
Nonetheless, this amount of capital could potentially still have a very significant impact on Ethereum’s performance going forward.
The reason is that Ethereum’s performance has shown a significantly higher sensitivity to global ETP flows than Bitcoin in the past.
While Bitcoin’s performance sensitivity to global ETP flows was around ~1.0, Ethereum’s performance has shown an average sensitivity of around 6.15 to global ETP flows in the past.
In other words, an increase of global ETH ETP AuM by 1% per week was associated with an average ETH/USD performance of 6.15% per week.
Now, if we assumed the abovementioned ”multiplier” of 6.15 to be true, then a ~15% increase in global Ethereum ETF AuM would be associated with ~92% performance!
That being said, the sensitivity of Ethereum’s performance to weekly ETP flows can vary significantly over time and has been around ~10.5 more recently.
As a caveat, keep in mind that correlation does not imply causation and that higher net inflows could possibly not cause increases in price.
More specifically, we estimate that global Ethereum ETP flows could only explain around 19.6% in the variation of Ethereum over the past 6 months. So, other factors such as macro or coin-specific factors have played a larger role.
What’s special about these Ethereum ETFs?
The approval marks a significant shift in sentiment within the SEC and US regulators more general. The recent passing of the “crypto bill” in the US senate has demonstrated that there is bipartisan consensus on the importance of cryptoassets for the United States.
The fact that the Trump campaign has recently started accepting crypto donations for campaign finance speaks volumes in this regard as Trump had personally shown a rather anti-crypto stance in the past.
Thus, viewed more broadly within the context of recent domestic political developments in the US, this approval could be evidence of a more mainstream acceptance of cryptoassets as a legitimate asset class.
However, US investors still receive a suboptimal investment vehicle for Ethereum:
The creation-redemption mechanism is still not done in kind and staking has not been allowed within the filings. Thus, US investors won’t be able to fully capture Ethereum’s total return profile via staking returns that currently amount to around 3.2% p.a.
European investors are once again better served with products that allow investors to participate in these total returns such as the ETC Group Ethereum Staking ETP.
Bottom Line
• The SEC has just approved the spot Ethereum ETFs in the US – we expect approximately 1.65 bn USD potential net inflows into US Ethereum ETFs 3 months after trading launch
• If we assumed the historical ”performance multiplier” of 6.15 to Ethereum flows to be true, then a ~15% increase in global Ethereum ETF AuM would be associated with ~92% performance
• The approval marks a significant shift in sentiment within the SEC and among US regulators in general but US investors still received inferior investment vehicles compared to European vehicles
This is not investment advice. Capital at risk. Read the full disclaimer
© ETC Group 2019-2024 | All rights reserved
Crypto Market Espresso | 23. May 2024
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