Som inget annat representerar Britannia det brittiska folkets stolthet. Hennes kraftfulla, karismatisk personlighet har inspirerat poeter och konstnärer att skapa nya skildringar genom tiderna, det senaste är av den kända skulptören David Mach RA. Sedan hon för första gången förekom på kopparmynt i det sjuttonde århundradet, har hon vuxit till att bli en kraftfull symbol för brittisk självständighet som nu förekommer kontinuerligt på varje monarks mynt fram till modern tid.
Det brittiska myntverketRoyal Mint, har en tradition av att arbeta med spännande konstnärer och hantverkare i syfte att producera några av världens finaste Proof mynt. På Britannia-mynten har David Mach skapat en distinkt, modern design som smälter samma det klassiska med det moderna, myntmästarens kunskap med artistens passion, och lyckats med att skapa en Britannia som vittnar om en nations minnen: Britannia sitter i böljande veck unionens flagga.
Hans avsikt, att få det att verka som flaggan och Britannia tycks röra sig, förstärks av den dramatiska effekten som ges av när guld och silver använts för att skapa Proof Mynt. Endast ”jungfruliga metaller” har använts, både mynten och de olika myntämnena är högpolerade. Det kan också nämnas att varje mynt slagits tre gånger för att säkerställa en skärpa av design som är ett tilltalande inslag i mynt av en sådan kvalitet. De nya Britannia-mynten representerar både konstnärens passion och myntverkets konstfärdighet och det är lätt att förutspå att de nya Britannia mynten kommer att ta sin plats i Britannia långa och lysande numismatiskt karriär.
Britannia och romarna
På 1600-talet hade det nästan gått 1.500 år sedan Britannia hade prytt de romerska kejsarnas mynt. Hennes nypremiär som skedde efter lång tid och under Charles IIs regeringstid är emellertid inte så pass konstig som det kan förefalla vid första anblicken. Redan under Elisabeth I hade Britannia börjat spela en allt mer framträdande roll i den samtida litteraturen och teatern, som en symbol för det växande maritima imperiets Tudordrottning.
Det var för övrigt juristen John Selden som redan 1636 som försvarade Storbritanniens anspråk på de fyra omgivande hav genom att påpeka att Britannia hade visat på romerska mynt sitter Britannia omgiven av vågor.
Att en romersk Britannia skulle komma att framträda på Charles IIs kopparmynt under en tid när Storbritanniens roll som en sjömakt var hotad var en utmaning. Efter det att Charles II introducerade Britannia på sina mynt var hon aldrig frånvarande och under de efterföljande åren kom hon att utvecklas och bli än mer maritim. På de berömda Cartwheel pennies och twopences-mynten från 1797 har hennes spjut har ersatts av en treudd och hon visas sittande på stenar i havet, med ett fartyg i bakgrunden.
Hon fortsatte sedan att förekomma på alla kopparpennies , senare på bronspennies, som utgavs av varje monark fram till införandet av decimalsystemet och därefter på alla mynt av valören 50 pence. Från hennes romerska ursprung fram till det tjugoförsta århundrandet har Britannia varit en varaktig symbol för det mod och karaktär som präglar den lilla men pigg ön Storbritannien.
Hon är fortfarande en suggestiv figur på moderna mynt, men i en helt ny tappning säger Royal Mints gravör Robert Evans som föreställde sig en ung Britannia, övergiven ändå aldrig helt krossad – kanske på samma sätt som Boudica. Han fångades även av Britannias starka maritima historia.
Britannia har länge förknippats med Storbritanniens mynt vilket gör att det kan vara svårt att se på en sådan ikon med nya ögon. Tidiga romerska bilder av Britannia tenderar att visar henne ledsen, men britterna tog henne till sitt hjärta och gjorde henne till deras krigare och symbol.
När Queen Elizabeth kom att bestiga tronen 1952 hade Britannia redan nått odödlighet genom att ha förekommit på de brittiska mynten i närmare trehundra år.
Vem vore då mer lämplig att förekomma på bullionmynten som gavs ut på de internationella guldmarknaderna ändå vara direkt identifierbar som brittisk? Hon dök därför upp på de första Britanniamynten av guld som gavs ut 1987 och tio år senare också på de första Britanniamynten av silver. Sedan dess har hennes historia och karaktär tolkats av en rad olika artister och hantverkare. David Mach är den nionde gravören som tolkar henne på de brittiska guld- och silvermynten.
Det sägs att det var Athena, den grekiska gudinnan för visdom och krig som satte standarden för kraftfulla kvinnor som bland annat Britannia, som kom att personifiera och karakterisera den nation de representerar. Det var emellertid romarna som koloniserade detta örike som var de som var först med att låta henne förekomma på sina mynt.
På Hadrianus mynt, från 119 e Kr, observerar författarinnan Marina Warner, att Britannia visas som en eftertänksam, nästan övergiven gudinna. Marina Warner fortsätter att visa att på senare romerska mynt avbildas Britannia på annat sätt, kanske symboliserande en drottning som gjorde motstånd mot invasionen av det romerska imperiet med sitt okuvliga mod och samtidigt hyllar hon kämpaglöden hos öns invånare.
Långt senare kom Britannia att spela en passande roll när hon kom att pryda baksidan på Charles IIs kopparmynt då de direkt anspelade på sjökrigen mot Holland, då ho beskrev britternas suveränitet över haven. Hennes förkärlek för freden finns emellertid med genom den olivkvist som hon trycker i sin hand, och detta kan vara en anspelning på hennes koppling till gudinnan Athena som gav staden Aten det allra första olivträdet. I modern tid är Britannia den erkända personifieringen av Storbritannien och pryder därför de 22 karats guldmynt som utgör rikets högsta valör.
Denna sestertius av Antoninus Pius (138-161AD), illustrerad ovan, gav Britannia ett spjut och spetsade sköld.
As April winds down, markets remain on edge, with escalating tariffs and renewed trade tensions keeping volatility in focus. In this summary of our full-length newsletter, we spotlight gold and gold equities, both of which have surged to record levels. We also take a step back from the day-to-day noise in crypto to explore the broader shifts in the regulatory landscape in our latest Whitepaper and present Celestia in detail. Finally, we assess how Moat indexes have held up and evolved amid the turbulence.
Gold & Gold mining equities tend to shine during stress periods
Source: VanEck, World Gold Council.
Gold has attracted renewed interest from investors amid concerns about inflation, currency volatility, and overall market uncertainty. Gold mining companies have recently reported improved profit margins and cash generation, with some initiating share buybacks and maintaining relatively strong balance sheets. Despite these developments, many continue to trade below their historical valuation averages.
While historical trends indicate that gold and gold mining equities have outperformed during certain periods of market stress, these patterns may not repeat under different economic conditions. Performance can be influenced by a range of factors including interest rates, central bank policy, geopolitical developments, and investor sentiment.
⚖️ Whitepaper Highlights: How New Crypto Regulations May Shape the Future
Cryptocurrencies are entering a new era. With the re-election of Donald Trump and the implementation of the European Union’s Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) regulation, digital assets are moving into a landscape defined not just by innovation, but also by regulatory clarity.
MiCA’s structured and transparent approach aims to promote legitimacy, safeguard investors, and enhance trust in digital asset markets across Europe. It could also serve as a blueprint for other jurisdictions looking to regulate crypto effectively.
Most blockchains, like Ethereum or Bitcoin, are monolithic which means they perform all major functions (consensus, data availability, and execution) on a single layer. This design ensures security but according to new modular networks, limits scalability and flexibility.
The modular blockchain thesis, which Celestia is leading, proposes separation of layers and respective responsibilities in the network.
Note: This article in not accessible to our UK readers.
🌊 Riding the Gold Wave
Chasing the Vein: Fund Flows into Gold Miners
Source: Mining.com. Data as of 21 March 2025. Note: Data covers 493 funds with combined assets under management of $62 billion.
U.S. equity markets experienced significant declines during the month of March. Meanwhile, spot gold price recorded new all-time highs, surpassing the $3,000 per ounce mark on 14 March and closing at a record price of $3123.57 on March 31, a 9.30% ($265.73) monthly gain. As of 31 March, gold prices have risen by 93.61% over the past five years (1). Investors should keep in mind that past performance is not representative of future results.
The gold miners, as represented by the NYSE Arca Gold Miners Index (GDMNTR), outperformed significantly, up 15.51% during March (2). This gain reflects both their operational leverage to rising gold prices and market perceptions of relative value. However, gold miners can also be subject to heightened volatility, operational risks, and sensitivity to commodity price swings.
While gold and gold equities may serve as diversifiers in a portfolio due to their historically low correlations with many asset classes, investors should remain mindful of the inherent risks, including price volatility, currency movements, and shifts in investor sentiment that can lead to rapid reversals in performance.
Market turbulence in March weighed on stocks. The Moat Index was not immune to the market turmoil, as it declined along with the broad U.S. equity market ending the month lower. However, the Moat Index showed resilience relative to the S&P 500—thanks in part to defensive sector resilience and underweight exposure to mega-caps.
At the same time, the SMID Moat Index lagged small and mid-caps in March. Smaller U.S. stocks were also impacted by global trade tensions and economic growth concerns with the broad small- and mid-cap benchmarks falling during the month. However, year-to-date, the SMID Moat Index remains ahead of the broader small- and mid-cap markets.
(1) Source: World Gold Council, ICE Data Services, FactSet Research Systems Inc.
(2) Source: Financial Times.
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BBVA Acción Eurostoxx 50 ETF FI Cotizado Armonizado (BBVAE ETF) med ISIN ES0105321030, strävar efter att spåra EURO STOXX® 50-index. EURO STOXX® 50-indexet följer de 50 största företagen i euroområdet.
Den börshandlade fondens TER (total cost ratio) uppgår till 0,20 % p.a. ETFen replikerar resultatet av det underliggande indexet genom full replikering (köper alla indexbeståndsdelar). Utdelningarna i ETFen delas ut till investerarna (halvårsvis).
BBVA Acción Eurostoxx 50 ETF FI Cotizado Armonizado har tillgångar på 133 miljoner euro under förvaltning. Denna ETF lanserades den 3 oktober 2006 och har sin hemvist i Spanien.
Beskrivning BBVA Acción Eurostoxx 50 ETF FI Cotizado Armonizado
Med BBVA Acción Eurostoxx 50 ETF FI Cotizado Armonizado deltar investerare i ökningen av värdet på aktierna i de 50 största konglomeraten i euroområdet (euroområdet). Euro Stoxx 50-indexet inkluderar aktier från 8 länder i euroområdet: Belgien, Finland, Frankrike, Tyskland, Irland, Italien, Nederländerna och Spanien.
Explore Dogecoin’s impact on crypto, turning internet memes into cultural and financial assets.
𝕋𝕚𝕞𝕖 ℂ𝕠𝕕𝕖𝕤:
00:00 – Intro
00:27 – Where do Memes come from?
03:13 – What are some of the first Memes you remember?
10:28 – Do these things have value?
14:04 – The different types of cryptocurrencies
17:20 – How did Dogecoin start?
24:26 – What is some of the utility?
28:36 – How does it fit into the portfolio?
30:38 – Final thoughts
Research Newsletter
Each week the 21Shares Research team will publish our data-driven insights into the crypto asset world through this newsletter. Please direct any comments, questions, and words of feedback to research@21shares.com
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